Use Of Force Managemnt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Use Of Force Managemnt - Essay Example The U.S. Department of Justice, through its Community Oriented Policing Services, indicated that the use of force was a natural reaction in response to cases requiring apprehension of suspected criminals to protect one lives and that of others. Likewise, it was indicated in a published report by COPS that there was actually no clear and concise definition of the use of force but the accepted meaning was sourced from â€Å"the  International Association of Chiefs of Police  (IACP) in its study,  Police Use of Force in America 2001, defined use of force as "The amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject.†" (U.S. DOJ: COPS, 2010). In this regard, the research aims to proffer issues on the use of force, specifically focusing on police brutality by identifying the problem, accountability, enhanced police accountability, accreditation and risk management, among others. A recommendation from the issues discussed would be presented prior to concluding remarks. Due to the critical position, tasks and responsibilities accorded to private security officers, there have been several documented instances of abuse of their authority. As such â€Å"most of these crimes fall into five broad areas: excessive force, sexual assaults, false arrest and fabrication of evidence, deprivation of property, and failure to keep from harm.† (FBI: Color of Law Abuses, 2010, par. 4). When the use of force becomes excessive and unreasonable, police brutality ensues, thereby posing dangers to the victims in terms of violations of human rights and even the possibility of grave injuries and death. According to David Mangan in his written article entitled Police Brutality: The Use of Excessive Force published as a Drury University paper, the use of excessive force tantamount to manifesting a form of police brutality is actually a criminal act constituting

How government policy decision influenced Financial Management Essay

How government policy decision influenced Financial Management - Essay Example Policy Decisions and Influence on Financial Management There are many policy decisions factors that influence financial management. These include taxes, wars and financial influences, political changes and the stock markets, investments and accumulation goals. Taxes Taxes are the most popular and strongest influence given that it deals with use of money. Taxes are a way of generating revenue for the government (Hu, Li, Liu, Baolei, & Gaoling, 2012). Where the government or an organization overtaxes it’s people then enough money is available but citizens living below the poverty line in such a country may be highly impoverished due to heavy taxation .So for a government to manage its finance properly, then it must follow the laid down rules and regulations so that there can be a balanced change in the budget when taxes are increased (Choi, Kim, Sami, & McKenzie, 2012). Wars Political changes in a government structure may trigger wars such as post-election violence as witnessed in some countries. This will definitely affect the stock market of such a country and the spending behavior of its citizens and this affects businesses some of which come to stand still. This wave of political change affects financial management .If a country, company or an organization is involved in a trade with another such wars may affect financial management (Sara, 2011). Political Changes and the Stock Market Political parties in a country contribute immensely towards the economy of a country based on different concepts and perceptions of each .Some political parties can improve stock markets while they are in power while some may create a collapse to the economy. This affects businesses and financial management because shares are sold on the stock market and organizations and businesses use this money to improve their business. When there is less money there is less improvement and financial deficit is likely to be experienced. Concerning stock market, if a country is in rece ssion purchase of goods and services becomes less. Where less goods and services are purchased, then there will be less money in the business. With less money the financial manager will have to device new ways to produce their own goods, process them and market their own goods and services to generate income. Imposition of Bans At times a government may place bans on sales of goods which promote the economy of a country .Placement of such bans may result to decreased income which may cause instability in economy and consequently affect financial management. Positive Effect of the Policy The intended or positive effects of a government policy vary widely based on the type of an organization or company and the context in which they are made up. Due to this, policies should be carefully enacted to ensure their effectiveness. One of the positive benefits of these policies on government financial management include corporate purchasing policies which projects that all purchases above a c ertain value should be standardized by way of purchasing process (Brigham & Houston, 2011). This way, a country’s government can employ a standard purchasing through policy which enables a government or an organization to limit wastage and normalize purchasing. Other positive benefits include

Benefits of Essential Oils

Benefits of Essential Oils Whenever possible, I prefer to deal with the various ailments and injuries I encounter by using essential oils rather than synthetic treatments or remedies. Essential oils are not only very effective at treating sickness and injury, but also provide the peace of mind that can only come with using an all-natural remedy. Natural substances like essential oils are easily metabolized by the body. In fact, your body knows exactly how to deal with them and thrives on them. Unlike synthetic drugs, after an essential oil performs its natural healing function, it travels on to the liver and kidney and moves easily and gently out of the body, without attaching itself to various tissues. Which essential oils have the maximum healing effect? Obviously, the essential oil that you choose will depend on the condition you seek to treat. As you experiment with various oils and application methodologies, pay attention to which of these satisfy your unique, personal needs and tastes. Here are some of the essential oils that are known to have maximum healing effects. Lavender Lavender is the one of the most known essential oils. It is used to cut down the healing time for cuts, bites and stings. The nice thing about lavender is that is does not require a carrier, it can be applied straight to the affected area. Peppermint Not only will peppermint cool you off during a fever, but it will also fight nausea and tummy trouble, whether it is morning or motion sickness. You can also pair peppermint and lavender oil up and apply it to your temples; doing so will lessen the intensity of headaches and migraines. Another use for peppermint oil is to help combat insect invasions. Doing this is simple; just add a few drops of peppermint oil to hot water and wipe any surfaces with a peppermint-infused clothe. Peppermint oil is also used to treat indigestion, respiratory problems, bowel spasms and pain, asthma, intestinal gas and more. Eucalyptus Another popular essential oil is eucalyptus. It is the most powerful antibacterial, antiviral and antispasmodic. To use it for this effect, all you have to do is add a few drops to a basin of steaming water to inhale, or add a few drops to a vaporizer. This can help disinfect and clear both your nasal passages and lungs. You can also add a few drops to a cloth, or a bandana, and inhale the oil throughout the day; doing this during cold season will also help prevent a cold. Tea tree Just like eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil is also a powerful antibacterial, anti-fungal and antiseptic. Using tea tree oil is very simple, all you have to do is add a few drops with a carrier oil and apply it directly to the affected area. This can help treat scrapes, cuts, infections, insect bites, warts and even flaky scalp or dry skin. Also, if you have acne, you can mix tea tree oil with coconut oil or aloe vera gel as an effective acne treatment. This great oil also helps loosen chest congestion. To do so, just add a few drops to a vaporizer. Another cold-like symptom that can be treated with tea tree oil is a sore throat, just put a few drops of the oil on your tongue every hour or so and the symptoms should disappear. You can also add a few drops to warm water and gargle with it. Another great use for this oil is removal of plantar warts. To get rid of these warts, put the oil right on the wart and massage it in and when it is dry, put socks on. The best way to do this is before bed- apply it, let it dry, and put socks on for fifteen to twenty minutes, but do not wear the socks to bed. Roman chamomile This essential oil is not only good for it’s scent, but it is also a very powerful anti-inflammatory. If you are experiencing red, sensitive or inflamed, acne-prone skin, this oil can help you out. It is a lot kinder than tea tree oil, so it is ideal for those with sensitive, delicate skin. Also, a few drops of roman chamomile can be added to an antibacterial carrier oil, such as coconut oil, to help treat and soothe diaper rash and eczema. Lemon Lemon essential oil is a powerful bactericide and treats minor cuts and wounds. It is also known to brighten dull skin, help immunity and is even used in antibacterial cleansers. Lemon oil is also known for its ability to clear toxins from the body. Frankincense Next up is the â€Å"king† of all oils, frankincense. You can also combine this oil with other oils to get better results and a more effective healing. Frankincense has even been known for its ability to kill cancer cells. More simply, it is used for skin inflammation, rashes, and brings about focus and clarity. Sesame Another essential oil is sesame oil. This oil is best known for its moisturizing qualities. Sesame oil contains fatty acids, which are believed to reduce stress and blood pressure. This essential oil has even shown to assist in slowing the growth of cancer in cells as long as your diet is rich in vegetables. Rose This oil can work to improve the hormonal balance and can treat problems like PMS and menopause. This oil is also known for counteracting bedroom problems and improving the health in your skin. Geranium Geranium essential oil is known for it’s astringent properties. Apart from refreshing the skin, this oil features styptic effects, which calm inflammation and stop hemorrhaging. This oil can also be used for treating acne, managing oily skin, boosting blood circulation, and reducing bloating. Other than this, this oil is helpful in reducing scars, blemishes, wrinkles and fine lines. Pine Pine oil has antiseptic, antibacterial, and analgesic properties. Pine oil is also known to treat skin problems, such as psoriasis, eczema and pimples. You can also use pine essential oil to speed up your metabolism, aid in food poisoning, ease joint pain and arthritis, kill germs, as well as battle respiratory problems that come with cold season. Clove Clove oil also has powerful healing properties, making it useful for use as an antiseptic. This oil needs a carrier oil for its functioning, so just dilute a few drops of this essential oil in your choice of carrier and you can treat bug bites, cuts, and scrapes. Apart from this, this oil can help clear earaches, digestion problems, nasal congestion, stomachaches, and headaches. As an additional bonus, it’s an aphrodisiac. This means that it has stress-relieving properties. Rosemary Another great essential oil is rosemary oil. According to scientific studies, rosemary essential oil has been shown to help in keeping the brain optimally functional. The act of simply smelling rosemary essential oil helps in memory recall. Essential oils and their usefulness in several common health conditions Below mentioned are some of the common ailments and the essential oils you can use for relief: Hangover Pine, Grapefruit, Juniper and Cypress Rosemary essential oils Heartburn Chamomile (German), Marjoram, Peppermint essential oils Indigestion Ginger, Coriander, Cardamom and Lemon Peppermint essential oils Insect repellent Citronella, Lavender, Cedarwood, Eucalyptus and Peppermint Sandalwood essential oils Anti-Coagulant Geranium essential oil Anti-Venomous Basil, Thyme essential oils Aphrodisiac Aniseed, Angelica, Black Pepper, Basil, Clary Sage, Cinnamon, Clove, Jasmine, Pimento, Ginger, Nutmeg, Rosewood, Thyme, Sandalwood, Ylang-Ylang and Vetivert essential oils. Expectorant Coriander, Flatulence, Thyme, Sandalwood, Peppermint, Pine, Parsley, Myrrh, Hyssop, Garlic, Cedarwood, Cajuput, Bergamot, Basil and Angelica essential oils. Hypertension Camphor, Rosemary, Hyssop and Thyme essential oils Hay Fever Lavender, Eucalyptus, Chamomile and Melissa essential oils Rheumatism Cedarwood, Black Pepper, Chamomile, Coriander, Cloves, Frankincense, Eucalyptus, Lavender, Ginger, Lemon, Rosemary and Pine essential oils Tonsillitis Lavender and Tea Tree essential oils Toothache Chamomile (Roman), Clove and Peppermint essential oils Influenza Ravensara, Melissa, Thyme, Oregano, Frankincense, Cinnamon, Eucalyptus, Peppermint, Tea Tree, Lavender, Sage, Lemon, and Rosemary essential oils How to use essential oils for best possible healing Here are some of the best ways you can use essential oils for maximum healing effect: Use in a diffuser Place about 10 drops of essential oil in a diffuser. Follow the guidelines of the manufacturer and inhale accordingly. Essential oils must not be directly burned. Inhale the steam Add 2 to 5 drops of essential oil into a bowl of steaming water. Place a towel over your head covering the bowl water and breathe deeply. It is essential to keep the eyes closed during this process. This technique is not really suggested for children younger than 7 years of age. Children more than 7 years of age can use swimming goggles to guard their eyes. Dry Evaporation Place 5 drops of essential oil over a cotton ball or tissue allowing the oil to evaporate into the air. To get a more intense dose, sniff the cotton ball. Otherwise, just keep the cotton ball at a distance of few feet from your face. Use in a spray Add five to ten drops of essential oil to water in a tiny spray bottle, shake, and then spray into the air and inhale. Massage While using essential oils topically, it is important to note that essential oils should not be applied to the skin in undiluted forms. When diluted, the concentration should not be higher than 3 to 5 percent. To put it differently, if you use 3 drops of essential oil, you must dilute it with one teaspoon of carrier oil. To be on the safer side, start with a 1% solution, or 1 drop of essential oil per teaspoon of carrier oil. The exceptions: lavender, sandalwood, ylang ylang and myrrh and tea tree oils usually do not require dilution. Add essential oil to your favorite carrier oil with 3% concentration (at most 3 drops per teaspoon of carrier oil) and apply to your skin gently. You can massage your entire body or only the area affected. Spot Application Mix 1 to 3 drops of essential oil in 1 teaspoon of carrier oil or natural aloe vera and apply to the spot that needs attention. Compress Fill a basin with water. Add 3 to 5 drops of essential oil in the water and stir briskly. Soak a washcloth in water, wring, and apply to the affected area. Do this at least three more times. Leave the last compress in place for five minutes. Bath Add 20 to 40 drops of essential oil to bath water. Also, add a few tablespoons of milk or cream to serve as a dispersant. For the reason that bath allows the oil to be easily absorbed in the skin, this is among one of my personal favorite methods. Gargle Add one drop of essential oil per ounce of water. Mix, then gargle and swish out the solution. Do not swallow. Few essential oil blends to get you started When working with blends and carrier oils, never use more than a total of 10% of essential oils in your blend. This is the essential oils to carrier oil ratio used in most commercial consumer blends. Now let’s take a look at some of my favorite blends! Muscle and Joint Blend Topical 4 drops Thyme 4 drops Black Pepper 4 drops Peppermint 4 drops Rosemary 10 drops Basil Relaxation Blend – Topical or Inhalation 4 drops Marjoram 4 drops Chamomile (German) 4 drops Clary Sage 12 drops Lavender Circulation Blend – Topical or Inhalation 4 drops Juniper berry 4 drops Frankincense 4 drops Ginger 4 drops Cypress 4 drops Black Pepper 4 drops Geranium Vein and Artery Blend – Topical or Inhalation 4 drops Myrrh 4 drops Lemon 4 drops Sandalwood 4 drops Neroli 4 drops Geranium 4 drops Cypress Sunburn Blend Topical 4 drops Chamomile 4 drops Tea Tree 4 drops Peppermint 12 drops Lavender Minor Cuts and Scrapes Blend Topical 10 drops Tea Tree 10 drops Lavender Menstrual Cramps Blend Internal 7 drops Lavender 7 drops Rosemary 7 drops Melissa Congestion Blend Inhalation 4 drops Peppermint 4 drops Ravensara 15 drops Eucaplyptus Antibacterial Blend Topical 4 drops Rosemary 4 drops Cinnamon 4 drops Basil 12 drops Tea Tree Antimicrobial Blend Topical 4 drops Cinnamon 4 drops Thyme 4 drops Lemongrass 12 drops Rosemary Antiseptic Blend Topical 10 drops Rosemary 10 drops Lavender Antiviral Blend Topical 4 drops Clove 4 drops Thyme 12 drops Peppermint 12 drops Sandalwood Headache Blend – Inhalation or Internal 7 drops Marjoram 7 drops Basil 7 drops Peppermint Immunity Blend Internal 14 drops Lemon 7 drops Thyme Arthritis Blend – Topical or Inhalation 7 drops Juniper 7 drops Eucalyptus 7 drops Basil 7 drops Cypress 14 drops Chamomile Burns Blend Topical 4 drops Tea Tree 4 drops Lavender 4 drops Geranium 12 drops Chamomile Colds and Flu Blend – Internal or Inhalation 4 drops Tea Tree 4 drops Rosemary 4 drops Peppermint 4 drops Lavender 12 drops Cinnamon Essential oils for specific diseases Essential oils that can help in the treatment of cancer Grapefruit essential oil Grapefruit oil is packed with Ascorbic Acid, which is ideal for detoxifying our bodies, and is therefore valuable for the improving the defense mechanisms of the body. You can use this oil internally. Thyme essential oil Thyme oil is really a powerful defense mechanism booster and may help fight problems like cancer. As a urinary antiseptic, it is also good for cystitis and urethritis. You can use this oil internally. Some essential oils that stimulate white blood cell production: Pine, lemon, lavender, sandalwood, chamomile, Bergamot and myrrh tea tree, and thyme essential oils can help stimulate the white blood cell production in body. Essential oils for broken bones Topically apply Cypress, Helichrysum (most significant for broken bones), and White Fir over the injured area two to three times per day. If you have ligament or tendon damage, add Lemongrass. When there is muscle damage, add Marjoram. Essential oils for broken tendons Wintergreen essential oil While Wintergreen is not a very popular oil, it is incredibly good at treating broken tendons and pain cramps. You can use this oil topically or inhale for maximum benefit. Vetiver essential oil This oil is well known for its healing effects on muscles and tendons. Use this oil topically, internally, or by inhalation. Essential oils for cold sores Roman chamomile essential oil This oil can be a powerful anti-inflammatory, so it will be the best option for cold sores. This oil is also a good bactericide that can kill the bacteria responsible for causing cold sores. Frankincense essential oil Used heavily in biblical times, this oil operates at deeper levels of the skin to deliver maximum healing. Frankincense has proven to help combat skin inflammation, rashes and cold sores. You can use this oil topically. Cypress essential oil Cypress oil is anti-antiseptic and anti-inflammatory, so that it is a powerful tool to address cold sores. Use this oil topically. Helichrysum essential oil This oil is highly anti-inflammatory and calming. This oil is regenerative and its pain reducing properties and analgesic effects make it a powerful solution for cold sores. You can use this oil topically. Essential oils for lung healing Ravintsara, Eucalyptus, Peppermint, Birch and Lemon are known to give strength to the lungs. Any blend carrying these oils can fight respiratory infections and alleviate symptoms of diseases related to the lungs. Essential oils for acne and scars Lavender essential oil Lavender oil has antibacterial and antiviral properties, which could reduce the healing time for acne and other skin conditions. It doesn’t need a carrier oil. You can apply it directly on the impacted area. Obviously, topical use can get you the best results in this case. Tea tree oil Tea tree oil is powerful antiseptic, antifungal and antibacterial oil. Only a few drops blended with carrier oil is all you need to disinfect the acne on your body. Manuka essential oil This oil is perfect for treating skin conditions like acne due to its antifungal qualities. It promotes faster healing of the skin. Conclusion I hope that you find whatever relief you seek in your healing journey with the incredible power of essential oils. Remember that essential oils are like water. You don’t drink just once and then never again. Instead, healing with essential oils is an ongoing process to nourish and replenish your body and soul with these astonishing elixirs. Best of luck and happy healing!

Free Capital Punishment Essays: Mandatory Death Penalty for Nitwits :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Mandatory Death Penalty for Nitwits    When I was in high school, my friend Mike and I earned extra money working after school and on weekends at a drugstore located at the north end of our town. Before we started working in the retail business, we both had a fairly high opinion of humanity. That is to say, we thought that the average person wouldn't try to cheat us, would be at least marginally polite, and would be smart enough to avoid walking in front of a bus.    As it turned out, we were wrong.    When we stepped behind the counter of that drugstore, we had to remove the rose-colored glasses and reexamine our cherished ideas about humanity. We found that there were many, many rude people out there and that quite a few would cheat us if they were given half a chance. We also found the average person was much less intelligent than we had thought. On Labor Day, 1995, I started a list of all the irritating and stupid things that people did while we were at work. After a while, other employees began to contribute to the list, although I compiled about 75% of the complaints. By the time I left at the end of May 1996, the list had 567 items on it, and we were referring to some of the customers by number.    In particular, I remember 337, an older lady who came in early every Saturday morning to buy a candy bar. Sadly, 337 never had the requisite fifty cents, and as she was rummaging through her purse looking for spare change (which sometimes took as long as ten minutes), impatient customers would line up behind her. Finally, she would storm off in a huff.    Incredibly, 337 would return several times over the course of the day and attempt to purchase the candy bar again. Once more would come the agonizing search through her purse, but (surprisingly enough) the change at the bottom had not bred over the course of the day, and over and over she was forced to leave in defeat and shame.    Number 337 was hardly unique, or even unusual. Every shift that I worked, I was forced to deal with people nearly as clueless as she was. Mike and I were inevitably led to the conclusion that stupidity should be painful; we thought that if stupidity were painful, people would go to great lengths to educate themselves.

Revenge is sweet!

On October the 13th she took her last breath, on November the 6th we buried her. On November the 21st I heard her call on me for the first time, and on December the 13:th it was my turn to take my last breath. Around one and a half-month ago, my little sister was killed. She was only ten years old. The police are still searching for the murderer, but they believe that it was a robber, because her mobile phone and her money had been taken away when they found her. Everybody tries to make me forget what has happened, but I can't. It was a Sunday morning when I heard her for the first time. â€Å"I miss you so much, why can't you be with me?† Is it you Minnie; is it my dear sister? â€Å"I feel so alone in here, come and be with me.† The voice was faint and husky. â€Å"Minnie, can you hear me? Are you all right?† â€Å"I can hear you, I'm not alright, it is a terrible stench in this little coffin, and I feel so alone. Come to me, come to me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Who did you talk to?† â€Å"Mum, it was Minnie, she told me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Minnie? Stop kidding with me.† â€Å"I promise, it was Minnie, and she told me that she felt alone.† â€Å"Honey, I know you think that this is hard, it is hard for all of us, but she is dead, you did not hear her. I dream about her too, and the dreams seem to be real, but then suddenly I wake up, and realize that it's just a dream.† I was just quiet. I knew that there wasn't an idea to try to make mum believing me. Maybe she was right, maybe it wasn't Minnie. But it sounded so real†¦ The dark has always made me scared. Every scary thing happens in the dark, were none can see what's happening. So when I, a couple of days after I heard Minnie for the first time, was I going to sleep, I felt a bit afraid. I don't know why, I just got an unpleasant feeling. The darkness seemed to be everywhere. Both inside and outside me. Suddenly I felt a cold wind. The window was closed, and it has never been any draught here before. I draw the duvet close to me. Then I heard her for the second time. â€Å"It is cold in here. Do you think of me while your laying in your bed with you warm duvet† â€Å"Oh Minnie, I'm thinking of you every second, every minute, every hour. I miss you so much.† â€Å"So why don't you come down to me, I'm not that deep down.† â€Å"Oh Minnie I wish I could. I'll make a plan, I promise, but mum will think I'm crazy if she saw me digging on the burial-ground.† â€Å"Come to me soon, I feel so alone in here†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †I†m coming soon. Soon.† The burial-ground was desolated, and the lights were not turned on yet. The sky was gray and everything looked dusky. I felt like all the tombstones stared at me, wondering why I was here. I†ve always thought that it is nice to walk at the burial-ground at all saints day, because there is so many candles on the tombs, and I thinks that the candles shows that people care and not forget the dead humans. But now everything felt dark and forgotten. I walked to Minnie's tombstone, it was a white tombstone, and it looked quite new in opposite of the other graves. Everything was so quiet; I just heard the wind blow. I felt like I was watched on, and turned around. Behind me stood an old man, with a long white beard. He's eyes was blue, and observed me from my head to my shoes. â€Å"Feeling alone?† â€Å"No. Just thinking.† It wasn't true, I felt alone. However, I didn't want his company. â€Å"Your sister down there?† â€Å"Yes. How did you know?† â€Å"I know her.† â€Å"How do you know her? I meant knew her.† â€Å"Know her. I've seen her. She is very pale, but those coffins isn't to nice.† This man is crazy. â€Å"Err, okay.† â€Å"You don't believe in me, right?† I didn't know what to say. â€Å"You'll see that I'm right, but trust me, do the things Minnie tells you to, or you'll end up like those.† He pointed at the names at the tombstones. I closed my eyes and when I opened them again, he was gone. I thought of what he had said. Do the things Minnie tells you to? Has she told me anything? I won't dig her up, I don't even know if I've heard her, or if it is just my mind that makes it up. Well. The man was an old crazy idiot; there's no reason to listen at him. When I was lying in my bed that night, I heard her again. â€Å"Why didn't you come down to me today? I heard you; you spooked to the old man at the burial-ground. Why didn't you start to dig when he was gone?† â€Å"Minnie, I don't even know if it is you who speaks to me.† â€Å"It is me, but I can prove it if you want to.† â€Å"How can you prove it?† â€Å"You'll se tomorrow. If I prove it, do you promise to go down do me then?† â€Å"Minnie, I don't know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Promise, or I'll leave you forever†, she sounded a bit angry, and I was afraid that she would leave me unknowing if she were Minnie or not. â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"Se you tomorrow then.† Everything was quiet. She was gone. When I woke up next morning and thought about what Minnie had said, I felt insecure. What if she proved it? Should I go to her then? No, impossible. She can't prove it. She's dead. And if she against all odds will prove it, I won't go to her. Not yet anyway. However, she won't prove it. But she did. When I came to school I got a big shock. All over the roof there was painted; I watch every single step you take, is this evidence enough? I didn't know what to do. In school there was a lot of talk about who did it, they thought that it was one of the gangs in town. But I knew. I said to my teacher that I was sick, and that I wanted to go home. Then I walked to the park beside the burial-ground. I had been there for approximately ten minutes when she started to talk to me. â€Å"What are you waiting for? Go and dig me up.† Her voice sounded angry and ordering. I was just quiet. Maybe she would think that I didn't here her if I just ignored her. â€Å"I know that you hear me. You're in the park. Why don't you dig me up? Are you afraid? You promised me to dig me up. If you don't dig me up, everything will be worse for you.† I was afraid. How could she know where I was? And what would happen if I didn't do as she said. But I didn't say anything. She would give up, and what could she do? She was dead. â€Å"I know what you're thinking, but I can do a lot. I can destroy your life, 'cause I'm manipulating it. I can promise that you'll dig me up sooner or later.† Her voice was ecstatic, and it scared me. I started to walk away, but she didn't want to stop talking with me. She screamed: â€Å"I'm manipulating your life, I manipulating your life, so you better dig me up soon.† Her voice tormented me all day, and when I at last fell asleep I had nightmares. I dreamed that the old man at the burial-ground haunted me, and that Minnie laughed at me when I stumbled. And when I had stumbled, I couldn't stand up again. Everything turned into different red coulors, and Minnie's laugh became higher and higher. When I finally woke up, I felt like I hadn't slept at all. I went to school, and tried to not look at the roof with Minnie's message. I went in to my classroom. The first lesson was math. I hate math, so when my teacher told me to go to the front of the classroom, I felt afraid. Would she give me a hard question? â€Å"Okay everybody, quiet please. We all know that somebody painted a sentence on the roof. We don't know what the culprit wants to tell us, we didn't even know who was the culprit. But now I know. I know it, 'cause the culprit by herself called to me yesterday and admit that she painted it. She said that she wanted to tell the class why she did it. So, can you tell us why?† She looked at me. I didn't understand anything. â€Å"Angelica, can you tell us?† â€Å"But it wasn't me.† I felt like a fool. Damned Minnie, if it is you who have done this, you can forget every hope about that I will dig you up. â€Å"Well. We all know who's the culprit now, and if you won't tell us Angelica, you can go straight away to the porter, and he'll give you the things you'll need to clean the roof.† â€Å"But it wasn't me.† â€Å"GO!† I started to walk away. I was so mad at Minnie. It wasn't me, it was Minnie, so why did I have to clean the roof? However, how could she call to my teacher? And didn't my teacher recognize that it wasn't my voice that she heard? I became more and more afraid, what would she do next? She spoke to me every single minute, and her voice sounded more and more frightening. She was totally convinced that I would dig her up, and she repeated again and again that she manipulated my life. Sometimes I believed in her, because I couldn't do anything with her voice in my head. And I did a lot of things that she told me to do, I was afraid that she would do anything worse if I didn't. However, I wouldn't dig her up. The things that she got me to do was just stuff as clean her room, put her photos in a frame or say good things about her. She repeated that it would just be worse if I didn't dig her up soon. And it should, much worse. I had stopped going to school, 'cause everybody avoided me. My teacher was mean to me, and derided me when I did something wrong. At December the 11th it was time for the next thing to happen. Mum was mad at me because I didn't walk to school. But she couldn't make me change my mind. We had just had a fight, and she screamed to me that she would go to her job and do some good instead of just sit and cry. I was mad at her and at the whole world, because nobody seemed to understand anything. I walked out of the door and went to the supermarket to buy some chocolate. I had nearly accepted Minnie's voice, but today it was scarier then ever. â€Å"I'm sorry to say this Angelica, but today will I hurt other people to get you dig me up.† â€Å"If you do that, I'll kill you.† â€Å"Good luck, I am already dead.† â€Å"I won't dig you up.† â€Å"Well, go home and se if you change your mind when you se what I've done.† She sounded satisfied, and that made me scared. I ran home, and what I'll never forget what I saw. The first thing I saw was just that the door was red. I stared at the door a few seconds before I realized that the red thing was blood. I flung the door open, and inside I found a tail. I started to shiver. If she had†¦ I didn't even wanted to think about it. â€Å"CHARLIE!† I screamed frightened. But our dog Charlie didn't come. I ran in to the living room, and there I saw Charlie. Anyway, I saw a part of him. But his head and his paws were gone. I started to scream and cry; I didn't know what to do. My thoughts was just a mess, Why do you does this to me Minnie? You loved Charlie so much, how could you ever kill him? Why do you want me to dig you up? If you are dead, why do you want me to be with you? Oh Minnie, why? I called mum. She came home as fast as she could, and we were both struck dumb. She asked me if I knew who had killed him, and I said that I didn't know. She cleaned the living room, and I walked up to my room. Minnie started to talk to me again. â€Å"Do you dig me up now?† â€Å"No, I won't. You are terrible, I hate you.† â€Å"I know that you hate me, but if you don't dig me up soon, I'll have to do something worse than this. If you haven't dig me up in 24 hours, It'll be time for another harmless to die.† Later that day when I was going to use the toilet I heard mum and dad talking to each other. I didn't believed what I heard. â€Å"I'm worried about Angelica. It is terrible what has happened to Charlie, but in fact I'm wondering if it can be Angelica who has killed him. I know it sounds weird, but she has change a lot since Minnie died. I guess that that's normal, but†¦ I don't know; she has always loved school, and now, she hates it. Her teacher called to me and told me that she had written a form of message on the roof, and that she had admit that it was her who did it once, but said that it wasn't she later. I don't know, maybe I'm just too worried. But she has been so introspective.† â€Å"I guess she's just shocked about Minnie's death. But I'm worried about Charlie's death too. Maybe it is she who killed him, I'll speak to her this weekend.† I was terrified. How could they even think about it? That I killed Charlie? Why can't anyone believe me? The 24 hours ran away. I didn't dig Minnie up. I'll never do it. I hate her and I won't do anything that she want's me to do. 12 hours later I had changed my mind. I can hardly think about what happened. But I'll try to tell. I had been on the burial-ground, when Minnie started to talk to me. â€Å"Well, you didn't dig me up, and I've made my choice. I'm sorry that I have to do this.† â€Å"Do what?† â€Å"Go home and se for yourself.† Her voice sounded honestly sad. I ran home and the first thing I smelled was a terrible stench. Then I smelled blood. I heard how daddy screamed and I ran in to the house. Inside I found dad paralyzed. And I found mum. On the floor. And I found Charlie's head. In the place where mum's head should be. â€Å"Dad what has happened?† â€Å"I don't know. I was in the kitchen, and I heard her scream. I went in to the living-room, and I found her.† â€Å"Oh dad. It's all my fault. I have to do a thing. Dad, I love you. I went down to the cellar and brought a spade and ran to Minnie's grave. I have never been that angry before. â€Å"Are you satisfied now Minnie?† â€Å"You haven't dug me up yet.† Her voice was very weak. I dug as fast as I could. After a few seconds I saw the coffin. I opened it. â€Å"Lay down.† I did as she told me to. Nothing to lose anymore. Exactly when I lay down, the coffin's lid smashed down. I heard scratch from a spade, and I couldn't open the lid. I screamed for my life, but noon heard. I guess that I screamed for hours. At last I had no voice left. I started to investigate the coffin, and I found the head of my mother, and Charlie's paws. The last time I watched my clock it showed: Friday the 13th 13:00. The last time I heard Minnie she said: â€Å"Revenge is sweet.†

Micro Manufacturing

ME 686: Micro-manufacturing Assignment 1 Study the effects of process parameters (speed, feed, depth of cut etc. ) associated with SPDT for manufacturing of micro lens let arrays. Also find out the ranges of these process parameters and values of optimal process parameters. Submitted by: Marmeek Kishor Kumar Kosambia (09010332) Submitted to : Dr. S. N. Joshi Date of Submission: 17/01/13 Introduction A microlens array is composed of a series of micro lens distributed in a regular pattern and has been usedin a wide range of photonic products.A  micro lens  is a small  lens, generally with a  diameter  less than a  millimetre  (mm) and often as small as 10 micrometers ( µm). The small sizes of the lenses means that a simple design can give good optical quality but sometimes unwanted effects arise due to optical  diffraction  at the small features. A typical micro lens may be a single element with one plane surface and one spherical convex surface to  refract  the light. Because micro lenses are so small, the substrate that supports them is usually thicker than the lens and this has to be taken into account in the design.More sophisticated lenses may use  aspherical  surfaces and others may use several layers of optical material to achieve their design performance. Since surface roughness affects the performance of the lens, one needs to generate finely machined surface with minimum roughness Single Point Diamond Turning machining is a technique which removes materials from a few microns to sub-micron level to achieve ductile mode machining on hard-to-machine materials such as electro less nickel plating, silicon, quartz, glass and ceramics with no subsurface defects.Such a machining process is able to achieve mirror surface finish of less than 10 nm and form error of less than 1um easily. If properly applied to a specific range of diamond turnable materials, the process is far superior to grinding and polishing where shape control is mo re difficult and processing time is longer. The selecting and optimization of machining parameters is one of the main factors that could influence the machining accuracy. The main machining parameters are tool feed rates, spindle speed and depth of cut.The tool feed rate is normally expressed in terms of either distance travelled by the tool per unit time (mm/min) or distance travelled per unit rotation (mm/revolution). It is most common to see the distance per revolution as it is directly related to the anticipated theoretical surface finish. For a given tool feed rate, larger the tool nose radius, lower the roughness and the better the optical surface finish. The surface quality depends to great extents on the material characteristics like: grain size, micro structure or crystal boundary, crystal uniformity and annealing procedures adopted. Casual selection of combination of machining parameters may affect the surface quality, so it is required to optimize the machining parameters before final SPDT process. Machining of aspheric surface is more complicated than spherical and flat surfaces because of complicated tool path and uneven material removal. To achieve required profile tool path should be optimized. Surface roughness with respect to variable Feed rate Feed rate is most important parameter and variation of this havea great impact on the surface finish. Theoretical surface finishdepends on feed rate and tool radius.Depth of cut 2 ? m andRPM 1000 kept constant and tool feed rate is varied from 0. 5? m/rev to 5. 0 ? m/rev. the results of the experiments are asfollows. From the above experiments, it is observed that the surface finish is going down as we reduce feed. The surface roughness is 54. 8 nm at feed 0. 5 ? m where the depth of cut is 2 ? m and 1000 RPM was maintained. It is investigated that although look of the surface was good but it is not of optical quality at these parameters. We have varied the depth of cut at feed rate of 0. 5. Surface rou ghness with respect to variable depth of cutFrom the above experiments, it is observed that the surface finish is depending on the depth of cut but its behavior is different. As we increase the doc from 1? m to 2 ? m the roughness decrease from 117 nm to 54 nm and again increase the roughness on of doc. Same is again repeated on 8 ? m doc. The surface roughness is 54. 8 nm at feed 0. 5 ? m/rev where the depth of cut is 2 ? m and 1000 RPM. But it is investigated that surface is not optical at these parameters, the surface quality was dull after 10 ? m doc and there no use of increasing the doc more than 10 ? m.From the above experiments, it is observed that the surface finish is depending on the depth of cut but its behavior is different. As we increase the doc from 1? m to 2 ? m the roughness decrease from 117 nm to 54 nm and again increase the roughness on of doc. Same is again repeated on 8 ? m doc. The surface roughness is 54. 8 nm at feed 0. 5 ? m/rev where the depth of cut is 2 ? m and 1000 RPM. But it is investigated that surface is not optical at these parameters, the surface quality was dull after 10 ? m doc and there no use of increasing the doc more than 10 ? m.Surface roughness with respect to variable RPM From the last experiment we have seen that the depth of cut 2 ? m giving the better surface. During this experiment feed rate 0. 5 ? m/rev and depth of cut remained unchanged and RPM varied from 800 to 4000, to get the further better surface on the work piece. Analysis of turned work piece at different RPM is carried out. Output result is shown in above table. By experiments we have seen that polycarbonate surface turned to the surface finish of below 25 nm, which is achieved at RPM 3000. A good surface finish is achieved at 800 RPM also but it is not economical.At RPM 1500 we have observed the star pattern on surface of PC. So, RPM 3000, Feed 0. 5 ? m/rev and depth of cut 2 ? m are the optimum parameters where optical surface is achieved. An empi rical formula is developed for predicting surface roughness of diamond turned polycarbonate at different turning parameters (feed rate, depth of cut and RPM). Empirical formula is derived as follows. Optimum turning parameter are suggested where the optical surface finish in obtained. Tool feed rate : 0. 5 ? m/revolution Depth of cut : 2 ? m RPM : 3000 Tool Path CompensationAnother study shows the greatest challenge lies in selecting the optimum combination of the process parameters to get the best surface quality. The parameters chosen for optimization are as: Spindle speed (SS), Feed rate (TFR), Depth of cut (DoC). Another parameter to optimize the machining is the tool path. The tool path compensation cycle starts with the definition of desired aspheric surface by the conic equation: It is observed that by modifying the tool path, profile error ofaspheric surface is significantly reduced. The comparison between aspheric figure error, before and after tool path compensation is giv en in Table-4.Conclusions: 1) Tool feed is the dominant parameter for surface roughness followed by the spindle rotational speed. Depth of cut shows minimal effect on surface roughness compared to other parameters. 2) Depth of cut is the leading parameter for peak to valley error, followed by spindle rotational speed. Feed rate does not have considerable effect on Pt. 3) Effect of depth of cut on Pt varies with spindle speed. However, for achieving good optical surface on the polycarbonate work piece, lower depth of cut is preferred. 4) Spindle rotational speed of 2000rpm, tool feed rate of1? m/rev and depth of cut of 2? are selected for precisemachining of polycarbonate. 5) The process of the optimization of tool path helps to optimize the machining process further. References: 1. V. SainiD. SharmaS. KallaT. Chouhan, ‘Optimization of Process Parameters to Achieve Nano LevelSurface Quality on Polycarbonate’, Proceedings of the International Conference on Manufacturing E xcellence, 2012 2. N. KhatriV. MishraR. G. V. Sarepaka, ‘Optimisation of process parameter in ultra-precisiondiamond turning of polycarbonate material’, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 888) Volume 48– No. 13, June 2012

Laissezfaire1 essays

Laissezfaire1 essays Concept of the Invisible Hand in a Laissez-faire economy By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of it. Adam Smith, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1776. What business does a government have in commerce and trade? Why would a government want to interfere between two countries benefiting from each other by trade? What right does the government have in two individuals wanting each others products or services? According to some, commerce and trade should be permitted to operate free of controls of any kind; there should be no tariffs or other barriers. This is where the term laissez-faire is introduced. Its direct translation in French, leave alone to do, is self-explanatory. A strong believer in this type of economics is Adam Smith, both a philosopher and an economist. Born on 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Fife, he studied at Oxford, and became a professor of logic at Glasgow (1751), but took up the chair of moral philosophy the following year. In 1776, he moved to London, where he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), the first major work of political economy. This examined in detail the consequences of economic freedom, such as division of labor, the function of markets, and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy. Adam Smith is most remembered today for his explanation of our market system. A majority of people saw confusion when they observed economic activity in England during the middle of the 18th century. They saw everyone doing whatever they pleased and deemed necessary. Businesses produced what ...